The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universal Design Elements for Websites LISA SPITZ Director of Design lspitz@cast.org Introductio n Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. • About Me: – B.A. Graphic Design & Psychology, Regis College, Weston MA – M.Des. Interaction Design, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA – Design Consultant for IHCD site: http://humancentereddesign.org/ – Design Consultant for ASI site: http://accessingsafety.org/ – Current Position: Director of Design, CAST, Wakefield MA Universal Design Elements for Websites Introduction Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. • About CAST: – Nonprofit research and development organization – Works to expand learning opportunities for all individuals, especially those with disabilities, through Universal Design for Learning. – “Founded in 1984 as the Center for Applied Special Technology, CAST has earned international recognition for its innovative CAST has earned international recognition for its innovative contributions to educational products, classroom practices, and policies. Its staff includes specialists in education research and policy, neuropsychology, clinical/school psychology, technology, engineering, curriculum development, K-12 professional development, and more. – More information: http://www.cast.org Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Agenda  Who benefits?  Why is it important?  Universal design, accessibility, and usability  Elements of a universally designed (and accessible) website  Special considerations  Is my site “working”?  Resources  Questions & Discussion Universal Design Elements for Websites 4 You r Questions? Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. • What questions do you have about serving individuals with disabilities or those who are Deaf through your website? • What questions do you have about serving survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking through your website? your website? Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Who Benefits? Universal Design Elements for Websites 6 Wh o Benefits? Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. • Scenario1: A survivor who is blind and her 6-year-old daughter were recently in a domestic violence incident in their Waltham, MA apartment. The husband, was jailed. He will soon be released. The mother is scared for their lives. She is using her home computer (with her own screen reader software) to lookup Domestic Violence Shelters in her city. She wants to talk to someone, and get advice. • She Googles: “domestic violence shelter, Waltham MA” • http://www.reachma.org/ • What’s working? What’s not working? Universal Design Elements for Websites Who Benefits? Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. • Scenario 2: A new video on men’s role in ending violence against women on college campuses was just released. group of Deaf students want to show the video as part of their college campuses activities for Sexual Assault Awareness Month.  • http://www.youtube.com/user/pmcgann737#p/u/11/bxJ7u78G http://www.youtube.com/user/pmcgann737#p/u/11/bxJ7u78G rbY • What’s working? What’s not working? Universal Design Elements for Websites Who Benefits? Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. • Scenario 3: A teenager who has had one leg and partial parts of her arm amputated has never received sexuality education. An older man who has been talking to her in recent weeks has been really nice. When he begins to touch her sexually, she is confused and doesn't know what to do.  • She goes to her local disability rights advocacy website She goes to her local disability rights advocacy website for information on violence and abuse • http://www.draginc.com/ • What’s working? What’s not working? Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Why is it Important? Universal Design Elements for Websites 10 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Why is it Important?  Video of students discussing challenges when interacting with websites. Source: http://webaim.org/media/common/video/k1 2pointer.mov Universal Design Elements for Websites 11 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. Why is it Important? • New WHO definition of disability: – “Disability occurs in the interaction between a person, his or her functional ability, and the environment. ” – “One is more or less disabled based on the intersection between herself, her functional abilities, and the many types of environments with which she interacts. ” – “Moreover, the experience of disability can be minimized by designing environments to accommodate varying functional abilities and providing individualized solutions when needed. ” – Source: http://www.accessingsafety.org Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Why is it Important?  Who uses your website? ildBsenn iiLVosnow ltMaen lhtHae iidCtsnnoo Universal Design Elements for Websites 13 iilddIsvanu il“”htraenow i“rrcveeepo”d ilftcannuo iiilttasnom Hearing Impairme tsn Mobility Impairme tsn iidCtsnnoo iLrgaenn iiiilbtDssae The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Why is it Important?  If you focus on those individuals in the middle, you miss everyone else. ildBsenn iiLVosnow ltMaen lhtHae iidCtsnnoo Universal Design Elements for Websites 14 iilddIsvanu il“”htraenow i“rrcveeepo”d ilftcannuo iiilttasnom Hearing Impairme tsn Mobility Impairme tsn iidCtsnnoo iLrgaenn iiiilbtDssae The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Why is it Important?  But if you focus on the outskirts, you include everyone! ildBsenn iiLVosnow ltMaen lhtHae iidCtsnnoo Universal Design Elements for Websites 15 iilddIsvanu il“”htraenow i“rrcveeepo”d ilftcannuo iiilttasnom Hearing Impairme tsn Mobility Impairme tsn iidCtsnnoo iLrgaenn iiiilbtDssae The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Why is it Important?  Even those with situational limitations (a temporary loss of functional ability) Universal Design Elements for Websites 16 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Why is it Important? lddiiiItsvanuwldiBsnne h iiLVosonw ltManelhtHaediitCsoonn = More people who can effectively use your website, in more situations Universal Design Elements for Websites 17 l“”ooanrred“”icvpreeelfitocannuliiittsoanm iHganreiItsanpremm lbitMyoiItsanpremm iLgannrelbiiitDssae = Good Design! The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universal Design, Accessibility, and Usability of Websites Universal Design Elements for Websites 18 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universal Design, Accessibility, and Usability Human Usable Accessible Universally Designed Websites = Best Practices Centered Universal Design Elements for Websites 19 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversalDesign,Accessibility,andUsabilityTheimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversalDesign,Accessibility,andUsability • Accessibility – “Web accessibility means that people with disabilities can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web, and that they can contribute to the Web. Web accessibility also benefits others, including older people with changing abilities due to aging. Source: http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/accessibility – “Accessibility problems decrease access to a website by people with disabilities. When a person with a disability is at a disadvantage relative to a person without a disability, it is an accessibility issue. Source: Shawn Lawton Henry, http://www.uiaccess.com/accessucd/ut_report.html Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universal Design, Accessibility, and Usability  Web Content Accessibility Guidelines – Guidelines for creating = access. – See: http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag.php – See: http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/ – See: http://webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist Universal Design Elements for Websites 21 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversalDesign,Accessibility,andUsabilityTheimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversalDesign,Accessibility,andUsability • Accessibility Guidelines Stem from Legislation – Legislation = Minimum requirements – i.e. Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act – i.e. Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 – i.e. Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998, Section 508 – i.e. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – See: http://www.w3.org/WAI/Policy/#US Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversalDesign,Accessibility,andUsabilityTheimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversalDesign,Accessibility,andUsability • Usability – Usability means that the “people who use the product can do so quickly and easily to accomplish their own tasks” – This definition rests on four points: 1. Usability means focusing on users; 2. People use products to be productive; 3. Users are busy people trying to accomplish tasks; and 4. Users decide when a product is easy to use. – Source: Janice (Ginny) Redish and Joseph Dumas, A Practical Guide to Usability Testing, 1999, Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversalDesign,Accessibility,andUsabilityTheimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversalDesign,Accessibility,andUsability • Usability goes beyond Accessibility. – “Usability problems impact all users equally, regardless of ability; that is, a person with a disability is not disadvantaged to a greater extent by usability issues than a person without a disability. ” Source: Shawn Lawton Henry, http://www.uiaccess.com/accessucd/ut_report.html  • A website can be Accessible, but not Usable A website can be Accessible, but not Usable Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universal Design, Accessibility, and Usability Universal Design Usability Accessibility Legislation Universal Design Elements for Websites 25 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Elements of a Universally Designed (and Accessible) Website Universal Design Elements for Websites 26 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) • Design concepts from yesterday’s session on Print Materials also applies to websites: – Hierarchy, White Space, Type, Color, and Images • As well as a few additional concepts: – Information Architecture, Navigation, Forms, Tables, Multimedia Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Information Architecture Universal Design Elements for Websites 28 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: everyone • Information Architecture – You can’t build a house without a blueprint… Create a sitemap for your website now, and in the future – You wouldn’t put ALL your plumbing in one part of the house… Make sure that your site is organized in a way that makes sense to your audiences not your own organization’s internal structure – Pretend your website is a museum… It should be obvious where you are, where you have been, and where you are going in the site at all times Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Information Architecture (Example Site Map) Benefits: everyone Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 30 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Navigation Universal Design Elements for Websites 31 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Navigation – Provide multiple pathways for navigating through the website (e.g. with related links, table of contents, site map, site search, etc) Benefits: everyone Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 32 http://accessingsafety.org/ The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Navigation – Navigation that is on multiple pages should remain in the same location on all pages, and use the same labeling Benefits: everyone Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 33 http://www.newbegin.org/ The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: most; especially: those using a screenreader, or who can’t use the mouse • Navigation – Give people the option to skip navigation, and jump straight to content Jumps to here, visually and aurally Dohttp://accessingsafety.org/ Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: everyone; especially: those using screenreader • Navigation – Use descriptive text for links • Don’tDoDo “a Guide to Understanding Accessibility” • “Get Help” • “Click Here to get help” – Links that go to the same location should have the same name • Don’tDo repeat “About the Center” if it always goes to “About the Center” • use “About the Center” and “About the Organization” if they both go to “About the Center” – Links that go to different locations should have different names Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Navigation – What you click is what you get, page titles should match link titles Benefits: everyone Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 36 http://drnpa.org/ The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Navigation – Enable navigation through use of the keyboard (e.g. tabbing) Benefits: most; especially: those who can’t use the mouse Universal Design Elements for Websites 37 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Hierarchy Universal Design Elements for Websites 38 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Hierarchy – Create a logical reading and navigation order Benefits: everyone 1 – logo + main navigation Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 39 2 – secondary navigation 3 – content 4 – related links The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Hierarchy – Organize content into well defined groups or chunks Benefits: everyone 1 – logo + main navigation Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 40 2 – secondary navigation 4 – related links The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: most; especially: sighted individuals • Hierarchy – Use changes in type size, color, or styling to create hierarchy visually Do Don’t http://www.webaim.org/articles/evaluatingcognitive/ Original page altered for no visual hierarchy. Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: most; especially: non-sighted individuals • Hierarchy – Use HTML markup to create hierarchy aurally Don’tDo

Heading

rendered bold SIZE=14pt>Heading rendered italic for bold

paragraphsparagraphs

for italic for italic
for spacing
    numbered list
quote
Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Hierarchy (Example) Benefits: most; especially: non-sighted individuals Don’t Universal Design Elements for Websites 43 Original page altered for no aural hierarchy. The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. White Space Universal Design Elements for Websites 44 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: most; especially: sighted individuals • White Space – Use “white space” to focus attention and separate between: • navigation and the main body • body content and related links • body content and footer content • headings, paragraphs, and other body text – Use “white space” to create visual breaks (and avoid overcrowding the page with too much content, or too many links) Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  White Space (Example) Benefits: most; especially: sighted individuals Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 46 http://www.cast.org/learningtools The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  White Space (Example) Benefits: most; especially: sighted individuals Don’t Universal Design Elements for Websites 47 www.belladesoto.us The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Type Universal Design Elements for Websites 48 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Type – Support increased text sizes (the design should remain functional when text is increased 200-300%) Benefits: most; especially: those with low vision Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 49 http://www.accessingsafety.org The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Type – Avoid horizontal scrolling when text size is increased 200-300% Benefits: most; especially: those with low vision Don’t Universal Design Elements for Websites 50 http://www.mediabistro.com The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: most; especially: sighted individuals • Type – Ensure text readability • Line width: 80 characters per line • Line height: at least ½ the height of text (~1.5 line spacing) • Paragraph Length: Short! • Paragraph spacing: 1 ½ times line spacing • Alignment: Left or centered, not right or justified • Font face: Sans-serif fonts are easiest to read for body text • Font size: At least 10 pixels in size • Font style: Avoid excessive bolding or italics; underline for links ONLY • Color: Text and links should be easily seen on their background Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Type (Example) Benefits: most; especially: sighted individuals Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 52 http://www.accessingsafety.org The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Type (Example) Benefits: most; especially: sighted individuals Don’t Universal Design Elements for Websites 53 http://www.goldenmean.info/ The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: everyone • Type – Ensure text is easy to understand • Use language that is as simple as possible • Be succinct; avoid extraneous or irrelevant content • Maintain a reading level appropriate for the audience (general rule of thumbis assumea9h bi th d di l l) 9th grade reading level) • Define ambiguous or unknown words with adjacent text or glossary • Expand on abbreviations or acronyms (provide the full meaning in the first instance and use the or elements) Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: everyone; especially: non-sighted individuals • Type – Use clear and descriptive language when providing directions – Do not rely on shape, size, color, or visual location for text directions • Don’tDo “Fill out the form then click Continue” • “Fill out the form, then click the big blue circle on the right” Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Type – Identify the language of the page using the HTML language attribute  – Where appropriate, do the same for sections of content 
Transcript: http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/media/trans1.htm#withalt Source: http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/alt_text.php Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: everyone; especially: non-sighted individuals • Images – Do not repeat the alt text of an image in the adjacent text (use null alt text instead) Don’t The screen reader would say: "image, international d i i ilds" students; image, international students" http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/alt_text.php Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: most; especially: non-sighted individuals • Images – Provide empty or null alt text for graphics which don’t convey content • Decorative images • Transparent or spacer images Do “ http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/alt_text.php Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: everyone; especially: non-sighted individuals • Images – Provide alt text for the main image and hot spots of image maps Do HOME Services http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/alt_text.php Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: everyone; especially: non-sighted individuals • Images – Do not put important images in the background • It is impossible to add alt text to background images • Use background images ONLY if they do not convey important content Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: Everyone • Images – For images that cannot be described with brief alt text choose one way to provide further information on that image: • Provide the long description in the context of the document itself • Provide a link to a long description via a normal text link • Provide a link to a long description via the longdesc attribute • Or, provide a link to a long description via a "d" link Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Pictures / Images – Long description in the context of the document Benefits: Everyone Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 81 http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/longdesc.php The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Images – Long description via a normal text link Benefits: Everyone Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 82 http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/longdesc.php The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: ONLY screenreader users • Images – Link to long description via the longdesc attribute Do http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/longdesc.php Graph of percentage of total U.S. noninsitutionalized total U.S. noninsitutionalized population age 16-64 declaring one or more disabilities Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Universally Designed (and Accessible)  Images – Link to a long description via a "d" link Benefits: Everyone; IF know what the “D” link means Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 84 http://www.webaim.org/techniques/images/longdesc.php The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Multimedia Universal Design Elements for Websites 85 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. UniversallyDesigned(andAccessible) Benefits: Everyone • Multimedia – Limit the amount of background noise in audio and video files – Provide text alternatives for audio and video files (e.g. transcripts for audio files, captions for videos) – Allow control over play, pause, stop, mute, and volume for all audio and video files and video files – Minimize the use of Flash, and/or invest in having it programmed in the most accessible way possible. Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Special Considerations Universal Design Elements for Websites 87 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Special Considerations  Urgency – Need Help? Get Help! – Provide clear and consistent ways to bring victims or survivors to safety. Benefits: victims / survivors Do Universal Design Elements for Websites 88 http://nyscasa.org http://www.newbegin.org/ The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. SpecialConsiderationsTheimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. SpecialConsiderations Benefits: victims survivors • Safety – Is someone coming? Are you in Danger? – Provide clear and consistent ways for people to Close your browser window and information about digital “footprints” . Do http://accessingsafety.org/ Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working? Universal Design Elements for Websites 90 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Audience, Context, and Use Universal Design Elements for Websites 91 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Ask questions… – Who? – When? – Where? – Why? – What? – How? Universal Design Elements for Websites 92 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Ask questions… – Who is my audience? Universal Design Elements for Websites 93 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Ask questions… – When are they accessing my site? – What just happened? – What else is going on around them? Universal Design Elements for Websites 94 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Ask questions… – Where are they when viewing my site? – Is it “safe”? Universal Design Elements for Websites 95 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Ask questions… – Why are they coming to my site? – What are their immediate needs? Universal Design Elements for Websites 96 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Ask questions… – What do you hope people will do as a result of visiting your website? Universal Design Elements for Websites 97 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Ask questions… – How does your website fit with your print materials? – How does it fit with your physical environment? – How does it fit with the nature of your organization? Universal Design Elements for Websites 98 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. Is My Site Working? • Ask questions… • …To understand the big picture – Is my site organized in a way that makes sense? (information architecture) – Can people find what they are looking for? (navigation) – Is my message being clearly and consistently communicated to them? (overall design, appropriateness of text) – Is the information presented in a way that enables people to take the next step? (hierarchy, appropriateness of text) Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Accessibility and Usability Universal Design Elements for Websites 100 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. Is My Site Working? • Technique 1: Role playing (or screening) – “Simple activities to help identify potential barriers” – Select a representative sampling of pages • Use without vision (NVDA for PC, VoiceOver for Mac) • Use with low vision (Increase font size by 200-300% ) • Use without, or with reduced ability to hear (Turn off your volume) • Use without ability to read (Imagine 6th-9th grade reading level) • Use with limited cognitive capability (Use late at night) • Use with limited mobility (Use without a mouse) See: http://www.uiaccess.com/accessucd/screening.html Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Technique 2: HTML Validator – http://validator.w3.org/#validate_by_uri+with_options Universal Design Elements for Websites 102 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Technique 2: HTML Validator – Good for checking heading structure (aural hierarchy) in your pages Universal Design Elements for Websites 103 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Technique 3: WAVE (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool) – http://wave.webaim.org Universal Design Elements for Websites 104 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Technique 3: WAVE (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool) – Good for checking accessibility (reading & navigation order, tables, images, forms, multimedia, etc) – NOT good for checking usability (does the ALT text make sense?) Universal Design Elements for Websites 105 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Technique 4: Print Test – Print your website on a black and white printer with colors in grayscale  Photocopy the print out, then photocopy the photocopy – Good for checking color contrast Universal Design Elements for Websites 106 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Technique 4: Colorblind Web Page Filter – http://colorfilter.wickline.org/ Universal Design Elements for Websites 107 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Technique 4: Colorblind Web Page Filter – Good for seeing what your site looks like in various color blindness scenarios Universal Design Elements for Websites 108 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. Is My Site Working? • Other questions to ask: – Is the information chunked in logical ways? – Is there enough white space? – Do links and page headers match? (what you click is what you get) – Do links make sense out of context? – Is the type readable? – Do tables follow a logical order? – Are forms appropriately labeled? – If you turned off Style Sheets (CSS) would pages still make sense? – If you turned off images, would you be missing important information? – etc, etc… … Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Is My Site Working?  Volunteers from the audience who wish to provide their site’s URL can do so at this time…  Group discussion: – What’s working? – What’s not working? Universal Design Elements for Websites 110 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Resources Universal Design Elements for Websites 111 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Resources–Section508&AccessibilityTheimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. Resources–Section508&Accessibility • Section 508: For web-based intranet and internet information and applications http://www.section508.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Content&ID=12#Web • Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0: http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/ • Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Overview: http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag.php • WebAIM's WCAG 2.0 Checklist: http://www.webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist • GREAT Accessibility Resources, tips, and how to’s – WebAIM: http://webaim.org/ • General Information–AccessIT: http://www.washington.edu/accessit/ Universal Design Elements for Websites Theimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. Resources–WebsiteEvaluationTheimagecannotbedisplayed.Yourcomputermaynothaveenoughmemorytoopentheimage,ortheimagemayhavebeencorrupted.Restartyourcomputer,andthenopenthefileagain.Iftheredxstillappears,youmayhavetodeletetheimageandtheninsertitagain. Resources–WebsiteEvaluation • Digital Book: Just Ask: Integrating Accessibility Throughout Design: http://www.uiaccess.com/JustAsk/ • How People with Disabilities Use the Web: http://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/Drafts/PWD-Use-Web/ • Screening techniques: http://www.uiaccess.com/accessucd/screening.html • Evaluation overview: http://www.w3.org/WAI/eval/Overview.html • Complete list of evaluation tools: http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/tools/complete • Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE) : http://wave.webaim.org/ Universal Design Elements for Websites The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Resources - Screenreaders  VoiceOver (free screenreader for the Mac) http://www.apple.com/accessibility/voiceover/  NVDA (free screenreader for the PC) http://www.nvda-project.org/ Universal Design Elements for Websites 114 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Questions and Discussion Universal Design Elements for Websites 115 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. LISA SPITZ Director of Design lspitz@cast.org Thank You! Universal Design Elements for Websites 116